Skip to contents

Regression Tables

Source: vignettes/regression-tables.Rmd
regression-tables.Rmd

Go from fitted models to publication-ready tables without hand-formatting effect estimates. gtregression supports logistic, log-binomial, Poisson, robust Poisson, negative binomial, Cox survival, parametric survival, and linear regression.

library(gtregression)
library(dplyr)

data("data_birthwt", package = "gtregression")

birthwt_data <- data_birthwt |>
  mutate(
    race = factor(race, levels = c(1, 2, 3),
                  labels = c("White", "Black", "Other")),
    smoke = factor(smoke, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("No", "Yes")),
    ht = factor(ht, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("No", "Yes")),
    ui = factor(ui, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("No", "Yes")),
    low = factor(low, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("Normal BW", "Low BW")),
    ptl_cat = factor(ifelse(ptl > 0, "Yes", "No"), levels = c("No", "Yes")),
    ftv_cat = factor(case_when(
      ftv == 0 ~ "None",
      ftv == 1 ~ "One",
      ftv >= 2 ~ "Two or more"
    ), levels = c("None", "One", "Two or more"))
  )

birthwt_exposures <- c(
  "age", "lwt", "race", "smoke", "ht", "ui", "ptl_cat", "ftv_cat"
)

attr(birthwt_data$age, "label") <- "Maternal age"
attr(birthwt_data$lwt, "label") <- "Maternal weight"
attr(birthwt_data$race, "label") <- "Maternal race"
attr(birthwt_data$smoke, "label") <- "Smoking during pregnancy"
attr(birthwt_data$ht, "label") <- "Hypertension"
attr(birthwt_data$ui, "label") <- "Uterine irritability"
attr(birthwt_data$ptl_cat, "label") <- "Previous preterm labour"
attr(birthwt_data$ftv_cat, "label") <- "First trimester visits"

Univariable Models

uni_reg() fits one model per exposure and returns a table ready for reports. Variable labels set with attr(x, "label") or labelled::var_label() are used automatically in the displayed table, while raw column names remain in $table_body.

birthwt_uni <- uni_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = "low",
  exposures = birthwt_exposures,
  approach = "logit",
  theme = clinical
)

birthwt_uni$table

Characteristic

N

OR (95% CI)

p-value

Maternal age

189

0.95 (0.89-1.01)

0.105

Maternal weight

189

0.99 (0.97-1.00)

0.023

Maternal race

189

White

Ref.

Black

2.33 (0.94-5.77)

0.068

Other

1.89 (0.96-3.74)

0.067

Smoking during pregnancy

189

No

Ref.

Yes

2.02 (1.08-3.78)

0.028

Hypertension

189

No

Ref.

Yes

3.37 (1.02-11.09)

0.046

Uterine irritability

189

No

Ref.

Yes

2.58 (1.14-5.83)

0.023

Previous preterm labour

189

No

Ref.

Yes

4.32 (1.92-9.73)

<0.001

First trimester visits

189

None

Ref.

One

0.54 (0.25-1.20)

0.130

Two or more

0.71 (0.32-1.56)

0.394

Abbreviations: OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Multivariable Models

With adjust_for = NULL, multi_reg() fits all supplied exposures in one multivariable model. This is the usual fully adjusted model when every exposure listed should appear in the same formula.

birthwt_full <- multi_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = low,
  exposures = c("age", "lwt", "race", "smoke", "ht", "ui"),
  approach = logit,
  theme = clinical
)

birthwt_full$table

Characteristic

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Maternal age

0.98 (0.92–1.05)

0.606

Maternal weight

0.98 (0.97–1.00)

0.018

Maternal race

White

Ref.

Black

3.60 (1.28–10.10)

0.015

Other

2.46 (1.05–5.77)

0.038

Smoking during pregnancy

No

Ref.

Yes

2.79 (1.29–6.05)

0.009

Hypertension

No

Ref.

Yes

6.41 (1.66–24.72)

0.007

Uterine irritability

No

Ref.

Yes

2.45 (1.02–5.90)

0.046

Abbreviations: OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

N = 189 complete observations included in the multivariable model

Exposure-Specific Adjusted Models

Use adjust_for when you want one adjusted model per exposure, each adjusted for the same core covariate set. This is useful for screening several clinically important exposures while keeping the adjustment strategy explicit.

birthwt_multi <- multi_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = low,
  exposures = c("smoke", "ht", "ui", "ptl_cat", "ftv_cat"),
  adjust_for = c("age", "lwt", "race"),
  approach = logit,
  theme = striped
)

birthwt_multi$table

Characteristic

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

Smoking during pregnancy

No

Ref.

Yes

2.87 (1.36–6.04)

0.006

Hypertension

No

Ref.

Yes

5.99 (1.51–23.79)

0.011

Uterine irritability

No

Ref.

Yes

2.27 (0.98–5.24)

0.055

Previous preterm labour

No

Ref.

Yes

4.49 (1.90–10.58)

<0.001

First trimester visits

None

Ref.

One

0.60 (0.26–1.38)

0.230

Two or more

0.86 (0.38–1.96)

0.717

Abbreviations: OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Adjusted for age, lwt, and race

N = 189 complete observations included across outcome, exposure, and adjustment variables

The adjustment variables are recorded in a compact table footnote, so the result is ready for manuscript-style reporting without making the table unnecessarily tall.

Optional Model Statistics

Publication tables should stay readable. When you need model-fit information, set model_stats = TRUE and inspect the returned object’s $model_stats element. This keeps AIC, BIC, log-likelihood, deviance, pseudo R-squared, and linear-model R-squared values available without adding clutter to the main table.

birthwt_uni_stats <- uni_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = low,
  exposures = birthwt_exposures,
  approach = logit,
  model_stats = TRUE
)

birthwt_uni_stats$model_stats
##     model      AIC      BIC    logLik deviance null_deviance  pseudo_r2
## 1     age 235.9120 242.3955 -115.9560 231.9120       234.672 0.01176126
## 2     lwt 232.6907 239.1742 -114.3453 228.6907       234.672 0.02548803
## 3    race 235.6616 245.3869 -114.8308 229.6616       234.672 0.02135051
## 4   smoke 233.8046 240.2881 -114.9023 229.8046       234.672 0.02074128
## 5      ht 234.6499 241.1334 -115.3249 230.6499       234.672 0.01713938
## 6      ui 233.5959 240.0794 -114.7979 229.5959       234.672 0.02163060
## 7 ptl_cat 225.8978 232.3812 -110.9489 221.8978       234.672 0.05443445
## 8 ftv_cat 238.0851 247.8103 -116.0425 232.0851       234.672 0.01102346
##   r_squared adj_r_squared   n
## 1        NA            NA 189
## 2        NA            NA 189
## 3        NA            NA 189
## 4        NA            NA 189
## 5        NA            NA 189
## 6        NA            NA 189
## 7        NA            NA 189
## 8        NA            NA 189

For adjusted mode, multi_reg() returns one row of statistics per adjusted exposure-specific model.

birthwt_multi_stats <- multi_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = low,
  exposures = c("smoke", "ht", "ui", "ptl_cat"),
  adjust_for = c("age", "lwt", "race"),
  approach = logit,
  model_stats = TRUE
)

birthwt_multi_stats$model_stats
##     model      AIC      BIC    logLik deviance null_deviance  pseudo_r2
## 1   smoke 226.5772 246.0277 -107.2886 214.5772       234.672 0.08562914
## 2      ht 227.7487 247.1991 -107.8743 215.7487       234.672 0.08063739
## 3      ui 231.0194 250.4699 -109.5097 219.0194       234.672 0.06669985
## 4 ptl_cat 222.4421 241.8926 -105.2211 210.4421       234.672 0.10324998
##   r_squared adj_r_squared   n
## 1        NA            NA 189
## 2        NA            NA 189
## 3        NA            NA 189
## 4        NA            NA 189

Other Effect Measures

Switch the approach to change the estimand.

uni_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = low,
  exposures = c("smoke", "ht", "ui", "ptl_cat"),
  approach = logbinomial
)$table

Characteristic

N

RR (95% CI)

p-value

Smoking during pregnancy

189

No

Ref.

Yes

1.61 (1.06-2.44)

0.026

Hypertension

189

No

Ref.

Yes

1.99 (1.17-3.37)

0.011

Uterine irritability

189

No

Ref.

Yes

1.79 (1.15-2.79)

0.011

Previous preterm labour

189

No

Ref.

Yes

2.33 (1.57-3.45)

<0.001

Abbreviations: RR = Risk Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Use approach = firth when a binary-outcome logistic model has sparse cells, very wide intervals, or separation concerns. The output remains an odds-ratio table, but the model is fitted with Firth penalized logistic regression.

The built-in data_endometrial dataset is a useful teaching example because neovascularization is completely absent among low-grade cases, a pattern that can make ordinary logistic regression unstable.

data("data_endometrial", package = "gtregression")

endometrial_data <- data_endometrial |>
  mutate(
    HG = factor(HG, levels = c(0, 1),
                labels = c("Low grade", "High grade")),
    NV = factor(NV, levels = c(0, 1), labels = c("Absent", "Present"))
  )

multi_reg(
  data = endometrial_data,
  outcome = HG,
  exposures = c(NV, PI, EH),
  approach = firth
)$table

Characteristic

Adjusted OR (95% CI)

p-value

NV

Absent

Ref.

Present

18.71 (1.84–2,577.65)

0.009

PI

0.97 (0.88–1.04)

0.387

EH

0.07 (0.01–0.29)

<0.001

Abbreviations: OR = Odds Ratio from Firth penalized logistic regression; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

N = 79 complete observations included in the multivariable model

Cox Survival Models

cox_reg() uses direct time and event arguments and returns hazard ratios. Without adjust_for, the table shows crude HRs. With adjust_for, the table shows adjusted HRs.

data("data_lungcancer", package = "gtregression")

lung_data <- data_lungcancer |>
  mutate(
    trt = factor(trt, levels = c(1, 2),
                 labels = c("Standard treatment", "Test treatment")),
    prior = factor(prior, levels = c(0, 10), labels = c("No", "Yes"))
  )

attr(lung_data$trt, "label") <- "Treatment group"
attr(lung_data$celltype, "label") <- "Cancer cell type"
attr(lung_data$karno, "label") <- "Karnofsky performance score"
attr(lung_data$age, "label") <- "Age"
attr(lung_data$prior, "label") <- "Prior therapy"
lung_hr <- cox_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = c("trt", "celltype", "karno", "age"),
  theme = clinical
)

lung_hr$table

Characteristic

N

HR (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

137

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

1.02 (0.71–1.45)

0.922

Cancer cell type

137

squamous

Ref.

smallcell

2.72 (1.66–4.47)

<0.001

adeno

3.15 (1.77–5.59)

<0.001

large

1.26 (0.73–2.17)

0.407

Karnofsky performance score

137

0.97 (0.96–0.98)

<0.001

Age

137

1.01 (0.99–1.03)

0.433

Abbreviations: HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

 
lung_adj_hr <- cox_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = c(trt, celltype, prior),
  adjust_for = c(age, karno),
  model_stats = TRUE,
  theme = striped
)

lung_adj_hr$table

Characteristic

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

1.21 (0.84–1.74)

0.307

Cancer cell type

squamous

Ref.

smallcell

2.06 (1.26–3.39)

0.004

adeno

3.23 (1.82–5.74)

<0.001

large

1.38 (0.80–2.37)

0.244

Prior therapy

No

Ref.

Yes

0.96 (0.64–1.42)

0.820

Abbreviations: HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Adjusted for age and karno

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

 
lung_adj_hr$model_stats
##      model      AIC      BIC    logLik concordance events   n
## 1      trt 973.7560 982.3121 -483.8780   0.7119491    128 137
## 2 celltype 961.0882 975.3484 -475.5441   0.7349500    128 137
## 3    prior 974.7459 983.3019 -484.3729   0.7134257    128 137

Use interaction = exposure*modifier for planned effect modification. In the default exposure-by-exposure workflow, provide one exposure.

cox_interaction <- cox_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = trt,
  adjust_for = c(age, karno),
  interaction = trt*prior
)

cox_interaction$table

Characteristic

Adjusted HR (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

1.52 (0.98–2.36)

0.061

trtTest treatment x priorYes

0.47 (0.21–1.06)

0.070

Abbreviations: HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

Adjusted for age and karno

Model includes interaction term: trt*prior

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

Parametric Survival Models

surv_reg() uses the same time, event, exposures, and adjust_for grammar as cox_reg(), but fits parametric survival models with survival::survreg(). The table reports time ratios rather than hazard ratios. A time ratio above 1 suggests longer survival time; below 1 suggests shorter survival time, conditional on the chosen distribution.

lung_time_ratio <- surv_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = c("trt", "celltype", "karno", "age"),
  distribution = weibull,
  theme = clinical
)

lung_time_ratio$table

Characteristic

N

Time Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

137

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

1.05 (0.70–1.58)

0.818

Cancer cell type

137

squamous

Ref.

smallcell

0.34 (0.21–0.54)

<0.001

adeno

0.30 (0.17–0.51)

<0.001

large

0.77 (0.45–1.32)

0.339

Karnofsky performance score

137

1.04 (1.03–1.05)

<0.001

Age

137

0.99 (0.97–1.01)

0.284

Abbreviations: Time Ratio = exponentiated accelerated failure time coefficient; CI = Confidence Interval.

Distribution: weibull.

Ref. = reference category.

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

 
lung_adj_time_ratio <- surv_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = c(trt, celltype, prior),
  adjust_for = c(age, karno),
  distribution = lognormal,
  model_stats = TRUE,
  theme = striped
)

lung_adj_time_ratio$table

Characteristic

Adjusted Time Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

0.87 (0.60–1.27)

0.468

Cancer cell type

squamous

Ref.

smallcell

0.58 (0.36–0.93)

0.025

adeno

0.53 (0.31–0.91)

0.022

large

1.15 (0.67–1.99)

0.609

Prior therapy

No

Ref.

Yes

1.03 (0.68–1.57)

0.885

Abbreviations: Time Ratio = exponentiated accelerated failure time coefficient; CI = Confidence Interval.

Distribution: lognormal.

Ref. = reference category.

Adjusted for age and karno

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

 
lung_adj_time_ratio$model_stats
##      model distribution      AIC      BIC    logLik    scale events   n
## 1      trt    lognormal 1451.264 1465.864 -720.6318 1.110644    128 137
## 2 celltype    lognormal 1444.379 1464.819 -715.1894 1.064351    128 137
## 3    prior    lognormal 1451.768 1466.368 -720.8840 1.112741    128 137
surv_interaction <- surv_reg(
  data = lung_data,
  time = time,
  event = status,
  exposures = trt,
  adjust_for = c(age, karno),
  interaction = trt*prior,
  distribution = weibull
)

surv_interaction$table

Characteristic

Adjusted Time Ratio (95% CI)

p-value

Treatment group

Standard treatment

Ref.

Test treatment

0.68 (0.44–1.04)

0.073

trtTest treatment x priorYes

2.29 (1.03–5.09)

0.042

Abbreviations: Time Ratio = exponentiated accelerated failure time coefficient; CI = Confidence Interval.

Distribution: weibull.

Ref. = reference category.

Adjusted for age and karno

Model includes interaction term: trt*prior

Event variable: status (1 = event, 0 = censored after internal coding).

Continuous Outcomes

Linear regression outputs beta coefficients and keeps diagnostics under $reg_check.

birthwt_linear <- multi_reg(
  data = birthwt_data,
  outcome = bwt,
  exposures = c("age", "lwt", "race", "smoke", "ht", "ui"),
  approach = linear
)

birthwt_linear$table

Characteristic

Adjusted Beta (95% CI)

p-value

Maternal age

-4.67 (-22.97–13.63)

0.617

Maternal weight

4.40 (1.05–7.74)

0.011

Maternal race

White

Ref.

Black

-490.64 (-783.04–-198.23)

0.001

Other

-356.61 (-579.77–-133.46)

0.002

Smoking during pregnancy

No

Ref.

Yes

-360.71 (-564.60–-156.82)

<0.001

Hypertension

No

Ref.

Yes

-590.03 (-982.59–-197.47)

0.004

Uterine irritability

No

Ref.

Yes

-528.53 (-793.30–-263.77)

<0.001

Abbreviations: Beta = Linear regression coefficient; CI = Confidence Interval.

Ref. = reference category.

N = 189 complete observations included in the multivariable model

What To Inspect

  • $table: publication-ready table.
  • $table_body: numeric estimates behind the display.
  • $models: fitted model objects.
  • $model_summaries: model-level summaries.
  • $model_stats: optional model-fit statistics when model_stats = TRUE.
  • $variable_labels: labels used in publication output.
  • $reg_check: diagnostics for linear models.